PERSONS - index - PERSONEN

01/01/2016

Ushiwakamaru Yoshitsune

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .
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牛若丸　Ushiwakamaru 源の義経　Minamoto no Yoshitsune
(1159 - 1189)
Shanaoo, Shanaō 遮那王　Shanao (his boyhood name at Kurama)
Hoogan 判官 Hogan (his court title)

Ushiwakamaru and Benkei at the Gojo Bridge in Kyoto 京の五条の橋

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a general of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura period. "It is evident that Yoshitsune had a genius for offensive warfare...and although Yoshitsune had no knowledge of naval warfare he had the advantage of an acute strategic insight and a quick eye for tactical chances.
..... He was put under the care of Kurama Temple (鞍馬寺), nestled in the Hiei Mountains near the capital of Kyoto,
..... The fight between Ushiwakamaru and the bandit chief 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan in 1174. Yoshitsune was only 15 when he defeated the notorious bandit leader.
..... In 1180, Yoshitsune heard that Yoritomo, now head of the Minamoto clan, had raised an army at the request of Prince Mochihito to fight against the Taira clan (also known as the Heike) which had usurped the power of the emperor. Yoshitsune shortly thereafter joined Yoritomo, along with Minamoto no Noriyori, all brothers who had never before met, in the last of three conflicts between the rival Minamoto and Taira samurai clans, known as the Genpei War.
Yoshitsune defeated and killed his rival cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka at the Battle of Awazu in Ōmi Province in March 1184 and then defeated the Taira at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani in present-day Kobe. In 1185, Yoshitsune defeated the Taira again at the Battle of Yashima in Shikoku and destroyed them at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Yoshitsune was subsequently named Governor of Iyo.

..... However
the death of Yoshitsune has been very illusive. According to Ainu historical accounts of Yoshitsune's death it is said he did not commit seppuku and instead escaped to Hokkaido and acquired the name of Okikurumi/Oinakamui. Moreover, in Hokkaido the Yoshitsune Shrine is erected in the town of Biratori also known in Ainu as Pira Utur (ピラウトゥル).
Another
famous Japanese theory of Yoshitsune's whereabouts after evading death comes from the idea that Yoshitsune made his way past Hokkaido by sailing to the mainland continent of Asia and became Genghis Khan.
..... Yoshitsune has long been a popular figure in Japanese literature and culture due to his appearance as the main character in the third section of the Japanese literary classic Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike). The Japanese term for "sympathy for a tragic hero", Hōgan-biiki (判官贔屓 lit. Hōgan favor), comes from Yoshitsune's title Hōgan, which he received from the Imperial Court.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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- - - - - Persons related to Yoshitsune

. Yoshitsune and his loyal retainer, Musashibo Benkei 弁慶 .

. Ushiwakamaru and Joruri Gozen 浄瑠璃御前 .
Yoruri Hime 浄瑠璃姫 Princess Joruri in Aichi

. Kaneuri Kichiji 金売吉次 / 吉次信高 / 橘次末春 / 金売り吉次 .
Gold merchant of Kyoto, he brought Ushiwakamaru to Hiraizumi.

. Kumasaka Choohan 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan .

. Ushiwakamaru and Minatsuru-hime 皆鶴姫 .
at the temple 観音寺 Kannon-Ji in Kesennuma, Miyagi - and Kiichi Hôgen, Kiichi Hoogen 鬼一法眼 Kiichi Hogen

. With Shizuka Gozen 静御前 at Mount Yoshino 吉野山 .
Futari Shizuka 二人静
Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura 義経千本桜 Yoshitsune and the Thousand Cherry Trees, Kabuki play

Tokiwa Gozen 常磐御前 Lady Tokiwa - His Mother (1123 - ?1180)

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- - - - - Places related to Yoshitsune

. Aikyoo-In 愛敬院 Aikyo-In - Miyagi .
Minamoto Yoshitsune is said to have passed here on his travels up North to Hiraizumi.

Gikeiji 義経寺 Gikei-Ji at Minmaya 三厩村 - Dragon Horse Temple　龍馬山 Iwate
GIKEI is another reading for Yoshitsune

. Hiraizumi 平泉 in Michinoku / Tohoku .
Fujiwara no Hidehira 藤原秀衡 (1122? - 1187)
He offered shelter to the young Minamoto no Yoshitsune, who was escaping Kyoto.

. Kurama yama 鞍馬山　Mount Kurama in Kyoto .

. Noma Daibo 野間大坊 Omido temple .
the place where Minamoto no Yoshitomo, the father of Yoritomo and Yoshitsune, was killed

. Soojoogatani 僧正谷 /僧正ガ谷 Sojogatani, Sojogadani . - Kurama, Kyoto

Ushiwakamaru 牛若丸

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- - - - - Food related to Yoshitsune

. Dorayaki (どら焼き, どらやき, 銅鑼焼き, ドラ焼き) .

. Ushiwaka mochi 牛若餅 Ushiwaka rice cakes 　
Named after Minamoto no Yoshitsune in his boyhood (Ushiwaka, the one as strong as a bull), when he was trained at the Kurama Mountain Temple by the Forest Goblins (tengu).

. Yoshitsune raamen 義経ラーメン Yoshitsune ramen soup .

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- - - - - Folk art related to Yoshitsune

CLICK for more samples of dolls !

. Kokeshi, こけし / 小芥子 / 子消し wooden doll .

. Nagoya karakuri ningyoo　名古屋　からくり人形 from Aichi .
Ushiwaka and Benkei 牛若　弁慶

. Surugadako, Suruga tako 駿河凧 kite from Suruga .
. . . . . with Ushiwakamaru 牛若丸

tako 義経弁慶　凧 kites with Yoshitsune and Benkei
. . . CLICK here for more Photos !

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Kawadai-keikoku　川台渓谷 Kawadai Gorge
Kawadai Gorge is a 2 km gorge located in the down stream of Kurikoma Dam to the south of Mt. Karekidachiyama in Kurihara City in the northern end of Miyagi Prefecture. The scenery in the seasons of tender green and autumn leaves is especially beautiful.
The gorge has several legends concerning Minamoto no Yoshitsune.
The statue of Gofukin Fudoson placed by Yoshitsune remains on a rock and a small hall looking like an oratory stands by the stream. Near the hall is a waterfall named “Tsukuri-daki.” Legend has it that Benkei, the retainer of Yoshitsune, rolled rocks with a light hand and created the waterfall, saying, “There must be a waterfall by the Fudo Hall.”
With several places of interest such as Saruwatari (Monkey’s Path), the gorge is suitable for pleasant hiking. From late October through early November, branches with colorful leaves protrude over the stream to form a blazing tunnel, which looks breathtakingly beautiful.
- source : nipponkichi -

. . . CLICK here for Photos !

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Yoshitsune and Benkei viewing Cherry Blossoms
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)

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- - - - - Yoshitsune and his horses 義経の馬 - - - - -

kataha no ashi 片葉の葦 one-sided reed
In 福島県 Fukushima, 鹿島町 Kashima, in the hamlet 栃窪 Tochikubo there lived a farmer named 久七 Kyushichi who had many fine horses. His most vital and strong one was 太夫黒 Tayu-guro. It often roamed the mountain of 立石山 Tateishiyama and came to the pond Mano no Ike 真野の池 to feed on the reeds.
Often it did not come home for the night. It even had a web for swimming like a duck at his legs (mizukaki 水掻き).
The horse grew up to a superb animal and Kushichi presented it to the Lord, 藤原秀衡 Fujiwara no Hidehira. Hidehira gave it to Yoshitsune when the young man left for the war.
Since Tayu-guro used to eat only the leaves of one side of the reeds, they were soon called "one-sided reeds".

Tayuuuguro 太夫黒 Tayuguro, Tayu-guro .
He rode at the Hiyodorigoe 鵯越 crossing the Hiyodori Pass　鵯峠　 (near Kobe, Rokkosan).

Utagawa Hiroshige　歌川広重

Yoshitsune Climbing Up the Rough Part of Hiyodori Pass
Yoshitsune's daring descent from Hiyodori Pass in his surprise attack against the Heike.
..... fierce fighting starts at Ikuta-no-mori and Ichi-no-tani, but neither side is able to gain a decisive advantage. Yoshitsune’s cavalry descends a steep slope at Hiyodori Pass decisively attacking the Taira from the rear.
The Taira panic and flee to the boats.....
- reference -

There is another legend about the end of Taiyu-Guro from Kagawa, 志度町 Shido town.
When lord 佐藤継信 Sato Tsugunobu (1150 - 1185), one of the 義経四天王 four brave retainers of Yoshitsune, gave his life to save his Master, Yoshitsune came to his grave to mourn for him. He asked 覚阿上人 Saint Kakua from the temple Shido-dera to perform the rites for Ysugunobu. To show his gratitude, he also gave Kakua his beloved horse, which was a gift to Yoshitsune from the Emperor. The priest Kakua 覚阿上人 cared for the horse at the temple 志度寺 Shidodera, but after the events at Hiyodori Pass, it was given to 極楽寺 at nearby 鴨部馬次 Kabe, Umatsugi.
The horse lived there for a while and then suddenly and then run away one day.
The priest was in great worry about loosing this famous imperial horse and all villagers began to search for it. Finally they found it dead in front of the grave of Tsugunobu
So the priests held another great ritual for the horse and built a grave mound for Yoshitsune's Taiyu-guro, very close to 牟礼の王墓 Mure no Ohaka, the grave mound of the son of 景行天皇 Emperor Keiko Tenno, the Lord of Sanuki no Kuni, 神櫛王 Kangushi.
Kangushi no Ohaka 神櫛(かんぐし)王墓 Grave of King Kangushi

Satō Tsugunobu
Japanese warrior and the brother of Satō Tadanobu.
Tsugunobu died in the Battle of Yashima, while protecting Minamoto Yoshitsune from an arrow shot of Taira no Noritsune by riding between Yoshitsune and Noritsune. Tsugunobu was buried in Mure, Kagawa by Taira no Noritsune himself.
Tsugunobu and his brother Tadanobu "were 'given' to Yoshitsune by Fujiwara no Hidehira when Yoshitsune left Oshu to join Yoritomo.
Tsugunobu is mentioned in Hagakure in the passage about martial valor.
- source : wikipedia -

. Shidodera 志度寺 Shido-Dera (Shido-Ji) .
Shikoku Henro Temple Nr. 86

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Nara 吉野郡 Yoshino district

In the mountains of 大台山 / 大台ヶ原山 Odaigahara Yama there is a horse of Yoshitsune.
But in reality it is a huge kamoshika 羚羊 (大かもしか) Japanese serow
Rupicapra rupicapra. Gemse, Gams.

Ipponashi, the horse of Yoshitsune - BUT 一本足は義経の馬であった - が

- 一本足は義経の馬であったが、人を食うようになったので家臣に鉄砲で射られた。そして熊野の湯へ養生に行った。使われた鉄砲は正月の何日かに格闘を思い出して汗をかくという。
- 一本足は、寝ない子を脅すときに母親が用いたりする。一本足は義経の馬との混合型であるとも言われる。

Ippondatara, Ippon-datara 一本ダタラ - Ippon tatara / Obamine no Ipponashi 伯母峯の一本足
at the pass 伯母峠 Obamine in Wakayama, 北山村

. 猪笹王 Wild Boar King Inosasa-O became an Oni .
every year on the 20th day of the 12th lunar month, the day when all Oni become free, it could come back to this world.
This day is called
. hate no hatsuka 果ての二十日 the final day 20 of the year .

Now Ippon-Datara is a Yokai monster.
Ippon-Datara is a Persona of the Hermit arcana. It specializes in Darkness element attacks.

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According to some stories, an Ippon Datara is a very skillful blacksmith, giving them two possible origins:
-- Ghost of a blacksmith banished from his village (losing an eye or a limb wasn't uncommon hazard).
-- Manifestation of Ameno-me-Hitotsu, kami of the forge, metalcraft, and blacksmithing.

User with this ability either is or can transform into a Ippon Datara, one-legged mountain spirit with appearance of either human-like or a huge pillar. Regardless they have a single eye on like a Cyclops, a massive body and only one leg. Normally they don't show themselves to humans and let only their presence be felt, but at certain times they may become aggressive.
- source : powerlisting.wikia.com -

. - yookai, yōkai 妖怪 Yokai monsters - Introduction - .

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Nara 吉野郡 Yoshino district 龍門村 Ryumon mura

akuryyoo 悪霊 evil spirit
Yoshitsune camped at the pondside 義経淵 Yoshitsunefuchi in the open and was ?killed by the enemy. To our day this place is haunted by evil spirits.
On the rock there are the remains where Yoshitsune slept and where his horse slept.
義経淵は、義経がここで野宿して敵に殺された.

奈良吉野の蹴抜の塔（隠れ塔）
- source : yositune1189 源義経大辞典 -

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

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Fukushima 白河市 Shirakawa

sakura no tsue 桜の杖 walking stick from cherry wood
In the 10th month of the year 1180 the local regent 信夫庄司　Shinobu Shoji Satō 佐藤元治 Sato Motoharu had his two children,
嗣信 Tsugunobu and 忠信 Tadanobu become retainers of Yoshitsune.
As a proof of their loyalty he planted a stick of cherry wood in the ground and spoke:
"If my two sons will be loyal to Yoshitsune, this stick will grow into a tree.
Otherwise this stick will wither away!"
「わが子が君に忠であれば生きよ、さもなくば枯れよ」
The stick grew into a beautiful cherry tree and was called 庄司戻し桜 Shoji modoshi sakura.

Tsugunobu (1158 – 1185) was killed at Yashima, in Kagawa prefecture, protecting Yoshitsune from an arrow by the enemy Taira no Noritsune.
Tadanobu (1153 - 1186) was killed in Kyoto. Both were killed in defense of Yoshitsune.

The tree withered later but was replanted.

Matsuo Basho, Oku no Hosomichi 奥の細道
- - - Station 14 - Sato Shoji, Satoshoji 佐藤庄司旧跡 - - -

"Crossing the ferry of Moon Halo, I came to the post town of Rapid's Head.
The ruined house of the brave warrior Sato was about a mile and a half from this post town towards the foot of the mountains on the left. I pushed my way towards the village of Iizuka, and found a hill called Maruyama in the open field of Sabano. This was the site of the warrior's house. I could not refrain from weeping, when I saw the remains of the front gate at the foot of the hill. There was a lonely temple in the vicinity, and tombs of the Sato family were still standing in the graveyard. I wept bitterly in front of the tombstones of the two young wives, remembering how they had dressed up their frail bodies in armor after the death of their husbands. In fact I felt as if I were in the presence of the Weeping Tombstone of China.
I went into the temple to have a drink of tea. Among the treasures of the temple were the sword of Yoshitsune and
the satchel which his faithful retainer, Benkei, had carried on his back."

Ioji-temple 医王寺 and the Sato family
Tomb of the Sato brothers
. - - - Station 14 - Remains of Sato Shoji, Satoshoji 佐藤庄司旧跡 - - - .

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兵庫県 Hyogo

Shizuka ga haka 静が墓 grave of Shizuka, his wife
由来の分からない古墳があった。そこの木を牛飼いの男が切ったところ、正気でなくなったので、人々が尋ねたところ、自分は義経の妾、静と名乗り、男が勝手に木を切ったので怒っていると言った。人々が信じられずに舞ってほしいと扇を渡すと、すばらしい舞をし、和歌を詠んだ。

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岩手県 Iwate, 平泉町 Hiraizumi

. 鬼三太仙人 / オニサンタセンニン Oni Santa Sennin .
Kisanta 喜三太 / 鬼三太 - Kisanta died at the battle of Kinugawa.

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京都府 Kyoto

Tengu 天狗 - 兵法場
Ushiwakamaru studied sword fighting with the Tengu. The place were they practised is called 兵法場.
heihoo 兵法 Heiho, military principles and additionaly swordsmanship and Tengu magic.
If people pick up a stone from this area, whey will always win in a fight.

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Miyagi, Sendai - - some legends are also told in Iwate.

岩戸三光宮 Iwado Sankogu and 青麻神社 Aoso Jinja

. Aoso Jinja　青麻神社 "Green Hemp Shrine" .

- - - - - and more about his faithful retainer
. Hitachibo Kaison Sennin 常陸坊海尊仙人 .
- - - - - Seietsu Sennin 清悦仙人 - - - - -

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Nagano, 鼎町 Kanaemachi

kiriishi, kiri-ishi 切石
Benkei and Ushiwakamaru came here.
- 弁慶と牛若丸がやってきた。道をさえぎる石を切ろうとして、弁慶は太刀を使ったが、石に傷をつけただけであった。次に金剛力がやってみると、石は見事に一刀両断にされた。
- 義経が弁慶らを伴って京都から鎌倉に向かっている時、ある石に弁慶が薙刀で切りかかったが、それは切れなかった。代わって義経が切りつけると、見事に真二つに切れてしまった。
- 源義経が頼朝に追われている時、通った道に大きな石があったので先に勧めなかった。弁慶が薙刀で切りつけたが、割れなかった。次に義経がやってみると石は真っ２つになった。

komaishi, koma ishi 駒石
弁慶が道を塞いでいる大石を切りつけようとすると、義経が駒に乗って見物していた石が駒石である。今でも蹄の跡が残る。石の平らな面に、浅い円形の凹があるものが駒石である。

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Nara 奈良県
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大柳生町 Oyagyucho

Tokiwa Gozen 常盤御前
She gave birth to Yoshitsune at the temple 不自由寺.
Tokiwabuchi 常盤淵
- 産ケ淵は、たらい淵、常盤淵ともいい、常盤御前がこの岩のくぼみで牛若丸に産湯をつかわせたという。
- 藤の森は、常盤御前が牛若丸を生んだところという。

牛若丸から習った棒術　添上郡柳生村柳生
柳生藩の棒術長谷川流の祖、長谷川金右衛門が、甞て奈良からの帰り、大柳生村を通ると、子供の泣声が、夜更けの山中に聞こえた。それは、常磐御前が、牛若丸を産み落として、旅の苦労をして居るのだった。金右衛門は不憫に思って、親子を柳生の宅に連れ帰り、牛若丸を養育してやった。此の縁故によって、後に牛若丸が鞍馬山に居た時、金右衛門は彼山で再会し、棒術を伝えられた。それが此の流儀だと云う。
今も大柳生には、常磐の森があり、産湯の淵があり、当時不自由であったというので、不自由寺と称する寺もある。（橋本春陵）
source : kamado.net/den_yamato/soekami_den

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. 白狐源九郎 The White Fox Genkuro .
at 源九郎稲荷社 Genkuro Inari Jinja,
The shrine is named after Genkuro Minamoto Yoshitsune

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- source : nichibun yokai database -
15 義経
牛若丸 - ウシワカマル

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

夏草や兵どもが夢の跡
natsukusa ya tsuwamono-domo ga yume no ato

Matsuo Basho　松尾芭蕉　in Hiraizumi

This famous haiku gave rise to many discussions.

Yoshitsune ki 義経忌 Yoshitsune Memorial Day
(1159 – June 15, 1189) - - - kigo for mid-summer

. natsukusa ya tsuwamono-domo ga yume no ato .

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- Reference - 源の義経 -
- Reference - English -

- - - #yoshitsune #ushiwakamaru #minamotonoyoshitsune - - -
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25/12/2015

Hozan Tankai

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Preserving the Dharma:
Hōzan Tankai and Japanese Buddhist Art of the Early Modern Era
In this beautifully illustrated book, eminent art historian John Rosenfield explores the life and art of the Japanese Buddhist monk Hozan Tankai (1629–1716). Through a close examination of sculptures, paintings, ritual implements, and primary documents, the book demonstrates how the Shingon prelate’s artistic activities were central to his important place in the world of late-seventeenth-century Japanese Buddhism. At the same time, the book shows the richness of early modern Japanese Buddhist art, which has often been neglected and undervalued.
Tankai
was firmly committed to the spiritual disciplines of mountain Buddhism—seclusion, severe asceticism, meditation, and ritual. But in the 1680s, after being appointed head of a small, run-down temple on the slopes of Mount Ikoma, near Nara, he revealed that he was also a gifted artist and administrator. He embarked on an ambitious campaign of constructing temple halls and commissioning icons, and the Ikoma temple, soon renamed Hōzanji, became a vibrant center of popular Buddhism, as it remains today. He was a remarkably productive artist, and by the end of his life more than 150 works were associated with him.
A major reconsideration
of a key artistic and religious figure, Preserving the Dharma brings much-needed attention to an overlooked period of Japanese Buddhist art.

John M. Rosenfield (1924–2013)
was the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Professor Emeritus of East Asian Art at Harvard University and curator emeritus of Asian art at the Harvard University Art Museums. His recent publications include Portraits of Chogen: The Transformation of Buddhist Art in Early Medieval Japan and extensive entries in Unrivalled Splendor: The Kimiko and John Powers Collection of Japanese Art.
- source : John M. Rosenfield

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Hoozanji, Hōzan-ji 宝山寺 / 寳山寺 Hozan-Ji
奈良県生駒市門前町1-1 / 1-1 Monzenchō, Ikoma-shi, Nara

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a Buddhist temple in Monzenmachi, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. It is also called 'Ikoma-Shoten' (生駒聖天）.
The area around Hozan-ji was originally a place for the training of Buddhist monks. The name of the place at that time was Daisho-Mudo-ji (大聖無動寺).

Mount Ikoma was originally an object of worship for the ancient people in the region, and so this area was selected as a place for religious training. The training area is said to have opened in 655 by En no Gyōja. Many Buddhist monks, including Kukai (空海), are said to have trained in here.

Hozan-ji started when Tankai (湛海) re-opened this training area in the 17th century. Tankai set up a statue of Kankiten at this place in 1678, the official year Hozan-ji was established.

In the Edo period, this temple was one of the most popular Buddhist temples in this region.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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der Gründer Tankai-Risshi und Hozanji
Seit uralter Zeit verehrt man den Berg Ikoma 生駒山, wo Götter und Heilige wohnen sollen. Die Legende nach soll Enno Gyoja (berühmter Asket im 7.Jhd.) und auch Kobo Daishi (Gründer der Shingon Schule im 10.Jhd.) hier in den Höhlen "Hannyakutsu" , wo sich riesige Felsen und Steine von seltener Gestalt finden, ihre asketischen Übungen praktiziert haben.

Vor ca. 380 Jahren wurde der Hozan Tankai-Risshi (1629 - 1716) in Ise geboren. Er wirkte zuerst im Eitaiji-Tempel von Edo, dem heutigen Tokio. Er kannte sich sehr gut in dem Ritual für Kankiten aus, so dass er damit für den Wiederaufbau des Eitaiji -Tempels, der beim großen Feuer von Edo verbrannt ist, ziemlich viel Spenden sammeln konnte. Das Volk führte dies auf die Wirkung seiner Gebete zurück und bewunderte ihn deshalb sehr.

Danach baute er in Kyoto den Kankiin-Tempel (Kanki-In) und wirkte dort als Abt.
Als er den Ennin-Risshi im Shinhoji in Sakai besuchte, empfing er von ihm die höheren Weihen. Seitdem suchte er weiter nach der wahren Lehre Buddhas. Es genügte ihm nicht, nur im Tempel zu wirken und zu studieren. Im Wald am Fuße des Berges Katsuragi von Yamato fastete er 1000 Tage und am Ende dieser Übungen sah er eine Erscheinung des
Fudomyoou (Acalanatha) und wurde von ihm auf den Berg Ikoma geschickt als den Ort seiner Vervollkommnung.

Am 10.Oktober 1678 kam er mit einigen Schülern auf dem Berg Ikoma an. Ihm wurde die Unterstützung der Dorfbewohner und des Burgvogtes Koriyama zuteil und er baute im Januar des darauf folgenden Jahres die provisorische Haupthalle des Tempels, wo er sich einen lang ersehnten Wunsch erfüllte, nämlich 80,000 Goma-Übungen zu absolvieren.

Damals nannte man den Tempel Daishomudoji.
In den folgenden 10 Jahren vollendete er den Bau der Tempelhallen und änderte den Namen des Tempels in "Hozanji".
Der Tankai-Risshi etablierte "Shoten" - Daishokankiten als Schutzgott des Tempels und strebte danach dort die Ideale des buddhistischen Paradieses zu errichten. Er besaß auch künstlerische Fähigkeiten was die buddhistische Malerei und Bildhauerkunst betrifft. Die Hauptfigur der Verehrung des Tempels und auch mehrere andere Werke sind von ihm selber geschaffen worden.

Des weiteren praktizierte er weiterhin asketische Übungen wie zum Beispiel die der 100,000 Goma und setzte sich als Ziel selber lebend zur Erleuchtung zu gelangen.
Sein Ruhm erreichte den damaligen Machthaber, den Regenten Iehiro, dessen Leiden an einem Geschwür der Tankai durch Gebete geheilt hat.

Der Kinderwunsch des Kaiser Higashiyama und auch des regierenden Shogun Ienori nach einem Stammhalter wurde durch die Einflussnahme des Tankei erfüllt. So fanden sich unter dem Volk und unter den erfolgreichen Kaufleuten immer mehr Anhänger des Tempels und die Anzahl der Gläubigen wuchs ständig und der Trend dieser Beliebtheit hält bis in die Gegenwart an.

Man nennt den Tempel "Shotensan von Ikoma" und man glaubt, dass vor allem weltliche Wünsche Erfüllung finden.
- source : hozanji.com/Hozanji -

生駒山は大昔から神や仙人のようなお方が住む山と周辺から仰ぎあがめられ、巨巌や奇石、幾つかの窟から成る魁偉な姿の般若窟は、寺伝によれば、役行者が梵文般若経を書写して納め、弘法大師も若いころ修行された。
今から三百数十年前、伊勢に生まれ、江戸永代寺に入った宝山湛海律師（一六二九～一七一六）は歓喜天に対する修法に優れ、江戸の大火で焼失した永代寺八幡宮の復興では思わぬ所から金や資材が集まる祈祷の効験を発揮、人々を驚かせた。
その後、京都に歓喜院を建て、独立した。しかし、ある日訪れた円忍律師の教えを受け、堺・神鳳寺（現、大鳥神社）で律師に戒を授かり、真の仏法とは何かを求めることに目覚めた。そして、道場だけの行に飽き足らず、大和葛城山麓の山林で千日不出の木食行を続け、その千日目近く、我が行を完成するにふさわしい山として「生駒山の存在」を、念ずる不動明王に暗示された。
延宝六年（一六七八）十月十日、湛海は数人の弟子と生駒山に入った。村人や郡山藩家老らの援助と協力で翌年正月、五間四面の仮本堂が出来、湛海は念願の八万枚護摩を果たした。寺は当初、大聖無動寺と号した。

- continue reading on the HP of the temple 寳山寺
- source : hozanji.com -

お守り　click for amulets from Hozan-Ji !

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source :　Thierry Mollandin - facebook -

This temple is officially located in Nara, but many people from Osaka come here to pray and enjoy the vista too.

生駒不動明王 Ikoma Fudo Myo-O
生駒聖天 Ikoma Shoten

. Pilgrimage to 18 Shingon Temples .

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. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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04/12/2015

Imagawa Yoshimoto

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... one of the leading daimyo (feudal lords) in the Sengoku period Japan. Based in Suruga Province, he was one of the three daimyo that dominated the Tōkaidō region. He was one of the dominant daimyo in Japan for a time, until his death in 1560.
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As he was not the eldest son, he was ineligible to inherit the family headship directly from his father. As a result, the young boy was sent to a temple where his name was changed to Baigaku Shōhō (梅岳承芳) or Sengaku Shōhō (栴岳承芳). Unrest broke out when his older brother Ujiteru died suddenly in 1536. His elder half-brother, Genkō Etan (玄広恵探, tried to seize the heirship but the clan split into two factions. Yoshimoto's faction demanded that since Yoshimoto's mother was the consort of Ujichika, he was the rightful heir. Genkō Etan's faction demanded that since he was older, he was the rightful heir. Genkō Etan's mother was a concubine and a member of the Kushima family, but they were defeated and killed in the Hanagura Disturbance (花倉の乱 Hanagura-no-ran). Baigaku Shōhō changed his name to Yoshimoto at this point and succeeded the clan.

After Yoshimoto succeeded to family headship,
he married the sister of Takeda Shingen of Kai. This allowed him to cement an alliance with the Takeda. Soon after, Yoshimoto fought against the Hōjō of Sagami. Starting in 1542, Yoshimoto began his advance into Mikawa Province, in an effort to fight the growing influence of Oda Nobuhide in that region. In campaigns over the course of the ensuing decades, Yoshimoto wrested control of a wide area including Suruga, Totomi, and Mikawa provinces.
In 1552,
Shingen's son, Takeda Yoshinobu, married Yoshimoto's daughter. Yoshimoto and the Hōjō clan reached a peace agreement in 1554 with the marriage of Yoshimoto's son Ujizane to the daughter of Hōjō Ujitsuna. In 1558, Yoshimoto left the clan's political affairs in Ujizane's hands, in order to focus on dealing with the advance westward into Mikawa.

Battle of Okehazama and death 桶狭間
In the summer of 1560, after forming a three-way alliance with the Takeda and the Hōjō, Yoshimoto headed out to the capital with Tokugawa Ieyasu (then known as Matsudaira Motoyasu) of Mikawa in the vanguard.[5] Despite having a strong force of 25,000, Yoshimoto deliberately announced that he had 40,000 troops. While this statement put fear in many factions, Oda Nobunaga of Owari Province saw through it. (Some historical sources support the claim of 40,000.)

With many victories, Yoshimoto's army was letting its guard down, celebrating with song and sake. A surprise attack by the Oda army of 3,000 following a downpour left Yoshimoto's army in complete disorder. Two Oda samurai (Mōri Shinsuke and Hattori Koheita) ambushed the Imagawa army and killed Yoshimoto, in the village of Dengakuhazama.

Imagawa Ujizane succeeded to family headship after Yoshimoto's death, but the Imagawa clan fell from power. Ujizane was later summoned by Tokugawa Ieyasu and became a kōke in the administration of the Tokugawa clan.
Yoshimoto's niece was Lady Tsukiyama, the wife of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Yoshimoto has several graves; his body itself is buried at Daisei-ji, a temple in the city of Toyokawa in modern Aichi Prefecture.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Surugadako, Suruga tako 駿河凧 kite from Suruga

- - - - - Ushiwakamaru 牛若丸

This dates back to the local regent Imagawa Yoshimoto, who flew this kite over his Suruga castle.

. Shizuoka Folk Art - 静岡県　 .

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. Suruga Province (駿河国, Suruga no kuni) .

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- Reference - Japanese 今川義元 -
- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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21/11/2015

Matsudaira Uneme

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Matsudaira Uneme no Sho 松平采女正　Sadamoto　定基
(1687 - 1759)

He was the fourth lord of the Imabari domain. He became lord when his father died in 1702, and took the name of Uneme no Sho 采女正.
He retired in 1732.

When his estate in Edo burned down, he did not build it again and removed to Koji-Machi.
His estate became a plain and in 1717 a riding ground (baba 馬場).

- Helmet of Sadamoto

Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868
By Morihiro Ogawa, Kazutoshi Harada,
- source : books.google.co.jp -

- quote
To wear mu like a banner, extravagantly, as though marching with complete abandon into the abyss of death, must have made the helmet's owner, the fervently Buddhist daimyo Matsudaira Sadamoto, a striking figure on his annual march to Edo. It is also a reminder of how Japanese Buddhism merged seamlessly with the 1,200-year panorama of warfare and cultural politics that preceded the Meiji Restoration of 1868.
- - - - - The Art of Twentieth-Century Zen Exhibition
- source : tricycle.com/reviews

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. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

Unemegahara　采女ヶ原 Uneme plain

Hasegawa Settan

- quote -
Unemegahara was located in what is today Ginza 5 chōme, Chuō Ward.
The name of Unemegahara stemmed from the fact that until 1724 the residence of
松平采女正定基 Matsudaira Uneme-no-sho-Sadamoto, the Imabari feudal lord was located there.
The residence was relocated to 麹町 Kōji-machi after a great fire.
A riding ground was then constructed on the vacated site, and the surrounding area
developed as an entertainment district.
It is said that it was a flourishing area with a row of booths, reed screen shacks,
professional storytellers, 浄瑠璃 joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment),
teahouses, and archery ranges.
- source : library.metro.tokyo.jp -

- quote -
Much of the newly created land on the riversides and along the bay was allocated to daimyo lords for their villas and storehouses. Here, in a two-part 1830s woodcut print by Hasegawa Settan of Unemegahara, in what is now Ginza 5-chome in Chuo Ward, we can see an interesting contrast between bustling commoners’ activities and the hushed silence of one of those large daimyo residences.

The horse track in the print
was originally the site of a daimyo mansion that was razed in a fire in 1726. Soon after, a savvy townsman by the name of Chubee was given permission to open a rent-a-horse center on the vacant lot for the equestrian training of low-class samurai who could not afford their own mounts. Combined with refreshment and entertainment services, Chubee’s business thrived, attracting crowds of people from all walks of life.
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Mannen-bashi — the wooden bridge in the illustration, now of concrete — spans not the canal, but traffic roaring along the Shuto Expressway below. Turning right just before Man’nen-bashi, cross another bridge, the arched Uneme-bashi (named after Unemegahara) dating from 1930 that has recently been nicely refurbished with decorative metal railings and a pocket park planted with cherry and fruit trees.
- source : japantimes.co.jp 2003 -

source : shisly.cocolog-nifty.com

In 1728 Shogun Yoshimune 吉宗 had an elephant from Vietnam brought to Edo and kept it in the ground of Unemegahara. This caused an "elephant boom" in Edo and attracted many visitors. The elephant lived for 13 years, later moved to the estate of 浜御殿 Hama Goten.
April 28 was named the "day of the Elephant".
４月28日を「象の日」

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Unemebashi 采女橋 Uneme bridge
このあたりは、江戸前期に松平采女正の屋敷があり、享保９年（１７２４年）の大火で焼けたあと火除地になって、俗に采女が原と呼ばれました。橋名の由来はここからきたものと思われます。
采女が原は、明治２年に采女町と称する市街地となり、銀座煉瓦街と築地の外国人居留地との間に位置して和洋混合の新興市街地が形成されていったようです。
震災復興時に架け替えられた現在の橋は、当時意匠的に優れていたといわれるアーチが採用されました。また橋の下は昭和３７年に築地川から現在の高速道路に姿を変えました。
区では平成２年度に、幻のホテル”築地ホテル館”（明治元年、近代的な洋式ホテル第一号として誕生し、栄華を誇ったが明治５年焼失）と”銀座の柳”を題材にした意匠で高欄等を整備しました。
平成３年３月
東京都中央区
source : viva-edo.com/kinenh

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Unemegahara no baba 采女ヶ原馬場 Riding Ground

It is well known for the revenge killing of 中山安兵衛 Nakayama Yasubei.
Around 1730, Shogun Yoshimune held a large 流鏑馬 Yabusame event here.
Yabusame is horse riding and shooting four arrows at a target.

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15/11/2015

Oguri Hangan

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Oguri Hangan 小栗判官
「小栗の判官」「おぐり判官」 - - - - - Okuri 「をくりの判官」「をくり」「おくり」

- quote -
Legend of Hangan Oguri
A long time ago,the Oguri clan built a castle in Hitachi (present-day Kyowa,Makabe-gun, Ibaraki).
According to "Kamakura Daizoshi", Oguri allied with Uesugi when Shuzen Uesugi rebelled some 600 years ago (1415) in Kanto, only to be defeated by Mochiuji Ashikaga.
Mitsushige, Lord of Oguri Castle, and his son Sukeshige (Hangan Oguri) fled for Migawa where the Oguri clan lived.
While hiding in Sugami, Oguri was poisoned by thieves at Gongen-do Temple.

Healed by the Tsuboyu Waters of Yunomine

However, he was saved by a maiden named Terute 照手姫. He then fled to Fujisawa on an unbroken horse where he was aided by the Priest Yugyo. Later,Oguri became ill, but with the guidance of Yugyo and the sympathy of many including Terute, he made a pilgrimage to Kumano where the protection of Deities and the healing waters of Yunomine nursed him back to health.
Oguri was the 15th Lord of the Oguri Castle,but was ultimately killed in battle against Nariuji Ashikaga.
It is believed that a shrine maiden from Oguri's home country of Hitachi created the heroic epic to console the spirit of the ruined Oguri clan. From historical fact,the story became legend and was ultimately told time and time again.
- source : hongu.jp/en/kumano-kodo -

Yunomine Onsen 湯の峰温泉 and Oguri Hangan - 和歌山県 Wakayama is a related location.
熊野市 Kumano
The samurai 小栗判官 Oguri Hangan had been given poison by his enemies and turned almost into a gaki 餓鬼 hungry demon. Yakushi Nyorai appeared in his dream and told him to go to Yunomine Hot Spring to be healed.

. Yakushi Onsen 薬師温泉 Hot Springs and Yakushi Nyorai .

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藤沢市遊行寺（清浄光寺 Jojoko-Ji）長生院 Chosei-In
Fujizawa 藤沢市

Temple hall in honor of Oguri 小栗堂

説経節にみる小栗判官伝説
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Fujisawa: Oguri Hangan
from the series Fifty-three Pairings for the Tôkaidô Road (Tôkaidô gojûsantsgui)
歌川国芳
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA

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source : wikiart.org

Oguri Hangan Sukeshige and Yamasaki - by Utagawa Sadatora
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA

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- quote -
Kabuki - Tôryû Oguri Hangan
Oguri Hangan Daisukeshige (1398 - 1464)
was the son of a provincial lord who had been dispossessed of his estates by the Ashikaga clan. He led an extremely adventurous life when young, but eventually settled down and led a quiet life. He was famous for his horsemanship and was reputed to be able to make a horse stand with all four hooves on a goban. A legend was born, related to Hangan's real adventures. This legend has all the elements of great myth and is one of the great classics of Sekkyô music, narrative singing telling Buddhist stories of miracles and tragedies.
In the original legend, Oguri was born to an aristocratic family in Kyôto, only to be driven from his home. He wandered through the country, finally ending up at the mansion of a man named Daizen in Hitachi, one of the distant provinces in the east. Daizen's daughter Terute fell in love with Oguri, but Daizen first tries to kill him with a wild horse, then with poisoned wine. In the end, he ends up horribly deformed and half-dead, already almost part of the world beyond. But people faithfully believing in a miracle and believing that pulling this cart will bring them great merit pull him on a cart. Finally, he reaches a waterfall in the sacred land of Kumano and is restored to life.
Oguri Hangan and his betrothed Princess Terute became the heroes of many Kabuki or puppet theater dramas.
Here is a short list of the most famous ones: (- snip - )

- - - - - Oguri Hangan and Princess Terute flying over the audience

Summary
The hero Oguri sets out to find out the true story behind the suspicious suicide of the father of his fiancee, Princess Terute, and to find stolen family heirlooms. His enemies intend to use against him his pride in his horse-handling skills by getting him to try and tame a savage, man-eating horse. They expect him to be killed in the attempt, but instead he completely masters the horse and has it stand on its rear legs on a go board, before making his escape.

The fisherman Namishichi, who is Oguri's former retainer, hides Princess Terute in his house, but she is abducted by his corrupt brother-in-law. He follows in pursuit but cannot stop the princess being taken away by boat. He decides to forfeit his life in return for the safety of the princess and commits seppuku by the sea. A river of blood flows from Namishichi's belly. The dragon gods hear his plea and the winds blow the princess's boat back to shore. Namishichi and his brother-in-law come to final blows, and the last we see of Namishichi is his lifeless body spread-eagled upside down on the side of a cliff.

In pursuit of his fiancee and family heirlooms, Oguri has made his way to a manor house in the countryside where he has promised to marry the daughter in return for getting the heirlooms. But Princess Terute has been washed ashore nearby and has obtained work as a maid in the house. She and Oguri are reunited, and Oguri breaks off the engagement with the daughter. However, she is besotted with Oguri and refuses to give him up despite her mother's strenuous pleading. When the daughter seeks to murder Terute, the mother sees she has no alternative but to kill her own daughter. Yet, even after the murder, the daughter's ghost returns to bring revenge, and Oguri is afflicted with lameness and horrible facial scarring. Terute takes Oguri on a cart to a shrine on Kumano where the local saint is able to produce Oguri's healing. The horse painting on the shrine wall comes to life and Oguri and Terute fly off (over the heads of the audience) to confront their enemies and restore their fortunes.
- - - - - Courtesy of Jean Wilson (1997)

Trivia
It is a custom for actors about to perform in an oguri-hanganmono to go to pray in front of the tombstone of Oguri Hangan, which is located in the precincts of a temple in the city of Fujisawa (Kanagawa prefecture).
- source : kabuki21.com/oguri_hangan -

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Matsuri 小栗判官まつり Oguri Hangan Festival
Chikusei Town 筑西市, Ibaraki

- quote -
The festival, which began in 1989, recreates the story of Oguri-Hangan, and is held annually on the first Sunday in December. Aiming at revitalization of the town, several events are carried out at the site; local precuts market, musical performances, try-out booths and snack bars. Every year, more than 20,000 people visit the festival.

The highlight of the festival is the Musha-Gyoretsu (warrior procession). Oguri-Hangan mounted on a horse strolls along JR Niihari Station Street, accompanied by more than 300 costumed people, including Terute-Hime, maids, Hangan’s ten brave warriors and child warriors. Performers of traditional entertainment such as Oguri Dai-dai Kagura, Chigyo Yagibushi, Mikoshi, and Furusato Taiko of Hitachi join the procession, and excitement over the festival heats up. The street along which the procession passes is crowded with thousands of people, as the festival reaches a crescendo.
- source : city.chikusei.lg.jp-

- reference -

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- quote
Oguri hangan ichidaiki:
Tales of the samurai : Oguri hangwan ichidaiki, being the story of the lives, the adventures, and the misadventures of the Hangwan-dai Kojirō Sukeshige and Terute-hime, his wife
/ a redaction from the kōdan and chronicles of the Japanese originals
by James S. de Benneville.
- source : catalog.hathitrust.org

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蜘蛛の囲の湯殿や小栗判官の
kumo no i no yudono ya Oguri Hangan

the bath
surrounded by spider webs - Oguri
Hangan

佐々木六戈 Sasaki Rokka (1955 - )

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- Reference - Japanese -

- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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19/09/2015

Ino Tadataka

- quote
a Japanese surveyor and cartographer. He is known for completing the first map of Japan created using modern surveying techniques.

Early life
Inō was born in Kujūkuri, a coastal village in Kazusa Province, in what is now Chiba Prefecture, and was adopted (aged seventeen) by the prosperous Inō family of Sawara (now a district of Katori, Chiba), a town in Shimōsa Province. He ran the family business, expanding its sake brewing and rice-trading concerns, until he retired at the age of 49. At this time he moved to Edo and became a pupil of astronomer Takahashi Yoshitoki, from whom he learned Western astronomy, geography, and mathematics.

Mission
In 1800, after nearly five years of study, the Shogunate permitted Inō to perform a survey of the country using his own money. This task, which consumed the remaining seventeen years of his life, covered the entire coastline and some of the interior of each of the Japanese home islands. During this period Inō reportedly spent 3,736 days making measurements (and travelled 34,913 kilometres), stopping regularly to present the Shogun with maps reflecting his survey's progress. He produced a number of detailed maps (some at a scale of 1:36,000, others at 1:216,000) of select parts of Japan, mostly in Kyūshū and Hokkaidō.

Inō's magnum opus, his 1:216,000 map of the entire coastline of Japan, remained unfinished at his death in 1818, but was completed by his surveying team in 1821. An atlas collecting all of his survey work, entitled Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu (ja:大日本沿海輿地全図 Maps of Japan's Coastal Area), was published that year. It had three pages of large scale maps at 1:432,000, showed the entire country on eight pages at 1:216,000 and 214 pages of select coastal areas in fine detail at 1:36,000. The Inō-zu (Inō's maps), many of which are accurate to 1/1000 of a degree, remained the definitive maps of Japan for nearly a century, and maps based on his work were in use as late as 1924.
In addition to his maps,
Inō produced several scholarly works on surveying and mathematics, including Chikyū sokuenjutsu mondō and Kyūkatsuen hassenhō.

Commemoration
Inō is celebrated as one of the architects of modern Japan. A museum, dedicated to his memory, was opened in his former home in Sawara, and in 1996 was designated a National Historic Site. In November 1995 the Japanese government issued a commemorative 80 Yen postage stamp, showing Inō's portrait and a section of his map of Edo. Most of the complete copies of the atlas have been lost or destroyed (often by fire), although a mostly-complete copy of the large-scale map was discovered in the collection of the U.S. Library of Congress in 2001.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

He was even choosen for a Google Logo in Japan.

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Inō Tadataka (Inō Chūkei) (1745-1818)
was born in Kazusa Province in 1745. He was adopted as the heir of the Inō family in the city of Sawara. He managed the family brewery until he was fifty. After he retired he began to study astronomy, geography and mathematics and began drawing maps. Between 1800 and 1816 he spent 3,736 days taking measurements and mapping Japan. His maps are accurate to about a thousandth of a degree.
Tadataka's maps were not completed during his lifetime. In 1821 the Dai Nihon enkai yochi zenzu, an atlas of Japan based on his surveys was completed. The atlas contained 214 sheets on a scale of 1:36,000, 8 sheets on a scale of 1:216,000 and 3 sheets on a scale of 1:432,000.
Though Inō's maps were not in use during the Edo period, they were made the standard maps of the country in the Meiji era. Maps published by the British Navy in the 1860's were based on Inō's maps, and maps based on Inō's were used as late as 1924 by the Japanese military.

The stamp was issued in November 1995 to observe the 250th anniversary of the birth of Ino Tadataka. The map depicted on the stamp is a portion of a map attributed to Tadataka. The map shows an area centered, more or less on Edo (now Tokyo), and shows the province of Kazuza where Takataka was born. The city of Sawara is slightly north and just west of the the point on the right of the land in the map.
The portrait of Tadataka is from a contemporary painting.
- source : sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps -

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Ino Tadataka Museum 伊能忠敬記念館 Inoh Tadataka Museum
1722-1 Sawara-i, Katori City, Chiba Prefecture 香取市
- source : city.katori.lg.jp/museum -

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Japan's Master Cartographer: The Inoh Tadataka Museum
Inoh Tadataka (1745-1818),
a wealthy Sawara rice and sake merchant, had ancestors with a penchant for surveying and mapmaking, and perhaps thus influenced he developed a fascination with astronomy in middle age. Retiring from his business at 49, he moved to Edo, where he studied for five years with the Shogunate's official astronomer, then set out on the first of ten surveying expeditions the length and breadth of Japan. That initial effort, to make the first accurate map of the northern island of Ezo (now Hokkaido), so impressed the Shogunate that it commissioned him for several more expeditions. Inoh traveled and surveyed almost incessantly for 17 years until shortly before his death; his masterwork, a detailed map of the entire Japanese archipelago, was published posthumously in 1821. The soon-to-be legendary "Inoh Map" (Inoh-zu) was so accurate that it set the standard for maps of Japan, both domestic and foreign, for another century -- German and British cartographers copied it too.

The Inoh Tadataka Museum is Sawara's spacious, well-organized tribute to this remarkable favorite son. Fortunately for visitors in transit from Narita, it offers reasonably detailed English descriptions of its exhibits, most of which are, naturally, maps, of all sizes and scales. One of the most revealing is an electronic display that superimposes the Inoh Map on a recent Landsat photo of Japan. Aside from some slight longitudinal deviation (longitude, which Inoh tried to derive from observations of solar and lunar eclipses, was much harder to measure than latitude), the Inoh Map is an astonishingly close match to the satellite's.

Inoh Tadataka's map of Japan, 1821

Nearly as fascinating as Inoh's maps are the museum's charts of the labyrinthine routes he took on his expeditions, zigzagging his way up and down the archipelago with a band of surveyors, retainers and guards. (It is interesting to see how Inoh's mapping accuracy improved as the Shogun increased his budgetary support.)
- source : Alan Gleason -

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伊能忠敬 : 清水靖夫

伊能忠敬 : 大石学 / 西本鶏介

- Reference - 伊能忠敬 -

- Reference - English -

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18/09/2015

Shibukawa Shunkai Harumi

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. koyomi 暦 Japanese calendars .
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Shibukawa Shunkai 渋川春海 Shibukawa Harumi
(1639 - 1715)

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also known as Shibukawa Harumi, Yasui Santetsu II 二世保井算哲, and
Motoi Santetsu 保井算晢, was a Japanese scholar, go player and the first official astronomer appointed of the Edo period.
He revised the Chinese lunisolar calendar at the imperial request, drawing up the Jōkyō calendar which was issued in 1684 during the Jōkyō era. In 1702, he changed his name to Shibukawa Sukezaemon Shunkai and retired by 1711. As a go player, he was affiliated with the Yasui house, calling himself initially (after his father) Yasui Santetsu II. He is mentioned as a Tengen player in Yamashita Keigo 's book: Challenging Tenge.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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The Jōkyō calendar (貞享暦 Jōkyō-reki) was a Japanese lunisolar calendar, in use from 1684 to 1753. It was officially adopted in 1685.
The Jōkyō-reki system was developed and explained by Shibukawa Shunkai. He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.
Shibukawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar, the Semmyō calendar, which had been in use for 800 years.

Japan has been using the Gregorian calendar since 1874,
but still refers to its KYUREKI 旧暦, the old calendar, on many occasions.
. Calendar Systems of Japan - Introduction .
Calendar History / Local calendars / E-goyomi (Picture calendar) / Daisho-reki calendars / Various forms of calendars

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Shibukawa Harumi
Title:Tenmon gata
Japanese:澁川春海(Shibukawa Harumi or Shibukawa Shunkai)
Other names Yasui Santetsu II 二世保井算哲 Motoi Santetsu 保井算晢

Harumi was born into a family of go-players to the shogunate, but was also interested in mathematics and astronomy. At that time Japan was still calculating the calendar using the Tang calendar the Senmyô calendar 宣明暦, which it had adopted in 8612, and inaccuracies in the calendar were obvious, especially that the winter solstice was calculated almost two days late. Also, it was not very accurate with eclipses, in particular predicted far too many. Harumi like some other scholars of the time believed that the Mongol-period Juji calendar 授時暦, which was the apex of the Chinese calendar tradition,should be adopted in Japan.

Through his professional connections as a go-player he was able to interest several officials in the project, especially Hoshina Masanori 保科正之 of Aizu, the shogun's guardian, and Mito Mitsukuni. He made a table of eclipses as predicted by the Senmyô and Juji calendars to prove the superiority of the later.

However, on 1675/5/1 an eclipse that was predicted by the Senmyô calendar but not by the Juji calendar did occur, and so the idea of changing calendars was rejected. Harumi managed to get hold of a (forbidden) Chinese work on western astronomy, and "localized" the 13th-century Chinese calendar for 17th century Japan, and in 1683 petitioned the imperial court to adopt the "Yamato" calendar. However, the next year the court decided to adopt the Ming-period Daitô calendar 大統暦, a very slight revision of the Juji calendar. Harumi again petitioned, saying the Daitou calendar was not suitable for Japan, and finally on 1684/10/29 the Yamato calendar was accepted, and it went into effect the next year as the Jôkyô calendar 貞享暦.

After that, the shogunate established the office of the Tenmon gata 天文方, and Harumi became the first holder of that post. He had an observatory on his property and built some astronomical instruments.
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com -

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tenmongata, tenmonkata 天文方 - Astronomical Bureau with officer in charge of astronomy
Members of Yoshida family inherited the position of Tenmonkata until the end of Edo period.

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tenmondai 天文台　Edo observatory
In the late Edo Period, the Tokugawa shogunate’s astronomical observatory was built in the location that is now known as Asakusabashi 3-chome. The facility was responsible for conducting astronomical observation, creating calendar-construction rules, surveying lands, compiling geographical descriptions and translating Western books.,
The observatory was an astronomical office where calendars were compiled, originally, the facility was called "Hanreki-sho Goyo Yashiki," it was also known as "Shitendai" and "Asakusa Tenmondai."
The astronomical observatory was essential in order to create accurate calendars..

Hokusai Katsushika was a well-known ukiyoe artist who was active in the late Edo Period. The Asakusa Observatory, equipped with an armillary sphere, is depicted against a backdrop of Mt. Fuji in "Torigoe no Fuji," which is a print contained in "One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji" by Hokusai.
At the observatory, Yoshitoki Takahashi, an official astronomer, and others observed celestial bodies in order to conduct the Kansei calendar reform. Tadataka Inoh was a disciple of Yoshitoki.
(Reference: Taito Meisho Zue)
. Edo Torigoe 鳥越 Torigoe Ward (Torikoe) .

Heitengi Zukai (1802)
"Heitengi Zukai," a handbook of astronomy, was written by Zenbe Iwasaki, who was also a maker of telescopes. The book includes illustrations of the sun, the moon and stars, which were observed by him using a refracting telescope.

The Astronomical Herald　(1910)
"The Astronomical Herald" is a journal of the Astronomical Society of Japan, which was established in 1908. Observations of Halley's Comet, which passed the Earth in 1910, are written in the journal.
- source : taito-culture.jp -

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Asakusa Tenmondai 浅草天文台 Asakusa Observatory

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Asakusa Observatory
. . . until about 170 years ago, Asakusabashi was scientifically and technologically one of the most important places in Japan thanks to the astronomical observatory that used to be here, and which included offices for the study of the latest scientific literature from overseas.
Not far from where the observatory was is a signboard, on the south-west corner of Kuramae 1-chome intersection. The following is a full translation of the Japanese information on the signboard (which is only partially translated into English on the signboard).
- - - Site of Astronomical Observatory
In the late Edo era, a little west of this spot, was an astronomical observatory on a road running through an area comprising the whole of Asakusabashi 3-chome 21-24 banchi, and part of 19-, 25- and 26-banchi. Besides astronomical observation, it also hosted other pursuits such as calendar-rule research, surveying, compilation of topographical data, and the translation of Western books.

The observatory was known as Shitendai or Asakusa-tenmondai, and was transferred here in 1782 from Ushigome-waradana (current day Fukuromachi in Shinjuku ward) and rebuilt. It was officially named Hanrekidokoro-goyoyashiki ("The Imperial Office of Calendar Making") which, as the name suggests, was part of the government office, the Tenmongata, for working out the calendar. Astronomical observations were required to ensure calendar accuracy.

Signboard for site of old Asakusa Observatory, Taito ward, Tokyo.

According to a historical document known as Shitendai-no-ki ("Shitendai Records"), the Shitendai observatory was built on top of an artificial hill about 93.6 meters in circumference and about 9.3 meters high. The observatory was a square building, with each wall about 5.5 meters long, access being provided by 43 stone steps. Another historical record, the Kansei-rekisho ("Chronicles of the Kansei Era") states that there were two separate flights of stone stairs, each of 50 steps, and that the artificial hill was 9 meters high.
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It was here at the Asakusa Observatory that the astronomer Takahashi Yoshitoki (1764-1804) revised the calendar for the Kansei era (1789-1801). One of his understudies was Ino Tadakata (1745-1818), a surveyor and cartographer known for completing the first map of Japan. Before starting his survey of the whole of Japan, Ino first set out to establish the length of one degree of latitude by working out the direction of the observatory from his house in Fukugawa and the distance between them. After Takahashi’s death, upon the advice of his son and heir, Kakeyasu, in 1811 an office for translating foreign books, the Bansho-wage-goyo (蕃所和解御用), was established on the premises.
This office underwent many transformations: from Yogakusho ("Center for Western Learning"), to Bansho-shirabesho ("Western Learning Research and Educational Institute"), to Yosho-shirabesho ("Western Writings Institute"), to Kaiseisho/Kaiseijo (“Office for Opening and Developing”), to Kaisei Gakko (“School for Opening and Developing”), to Daigaku-nanko (“University Southern School”), and was a precursor institution of the current University of Tokyo.

Another observatory was built at Kudanzakaue (present day Kudankita, Chiyoda ward) in 1842, but both were abolished in 1869, in the second year of the modernizing Meiji era.
- source : japanvisitor.blogspot.jp - 1999 -

- reference - edo tenmongata -

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. Sakuma Tenmondai 佐久間天文台 Sakuma observatory .
Sakuma no Sokuryoosho 佐久間町の測量所 Sokuryosho surveying office
神田佐久間町2丁目 Kanda Sakumacho district

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Edo no Tenmongaku　江戸の天文学　Astronomy in Edo

. koyomi uri 暦売 seller of new calendars .

. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

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